The use of clay as media in making pots was a craft started long back as the pots were used for cooking and decorative purposes in this article in belief we are going to focus on pottery in Zimbabwe.
Gale (1977)defines pottery as a collective term that may be used to describe anything made out of clay which has be fired and heated through a certain temperature.
Historical background of pottery in Zimbabwe dates back to several thousand of years ago infact in the early settlement and the beginnings of using fire.
It was an essential part of Zimbabwe's material culture which can evidently traced through the various traditions discovered through archeological excavations.
Pots used in various ocassions and purposes such as gifts,to hold grains ,water ,preparation of food ,brewing of beer and so on.The decoration of kitchens were made colourful and beautiful by the use of pottery.
Archeologists are able to identify people
by findings of pottery which show distinctive decorations of particular cultures.Variations of these designs for example incessions ,cross hatching ,stamps ,chevrons etc. These occur right through lend distinctive characters to Zimbabwe pottery.
However with the emergence of colour the decorative qualities appeared to have decline leading to the introduction of mass production of durable container vessels of all types.This implies that although the traditional craft was still practiced ,the fine qualities of the past was disappearing for example of the old craft have been superceded by some chevron decorations applied with modern paints.
Manufacture of traditonal pots was practiced by women who were the main decorators of kitchens and other household rooms,prepared food ,gathering food and brewing beer.
The clay was collected from specific layers which occur in the sub soils.The dry clay must be grounded into fine powder and this normally done on a flat grinding stone.After sifting with winnowing basket.The dry powder left behind was mixed with water and was ready for pottery.
A circular platform was used as a base for the pot which was built up in a series of coils.A wooden shaping tool was used to help to shape the pot into the required size and form,If the pot was to be decorated it would be incisized with a pointed object before it dry.The finished pot will be stored in a cool dry place for 48 hours before being given the final smoothing with a rounded river pebble which known as "hurungudo" in vernacular chishona dialect.This polishing process gives the vessel a shining surface .
A final drying process now takes place and the pot was left in the sun for 12 hours .On the 4th day firing takes place.Pots are placed on top of each other,mouth down in a hallow.
Showing posts with label culture. Show all posts
Showing posts with label culture. Show all posts
Sunday, September 26, 2010
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GREAT ZIMBABWE NATIONAL MONUMENT!
Built consistently through the period from the 11th century to the 15th century.The ruins are some of the oldest and largest structures located in Southern Africa.
At its peak the estimated population of 10 000 people lived at the area.The people were involved in farming and rearing of animals.The women make pottery while men melted iron in furnaces.
The karanga people used granite stones to build the walls without mortar as stones were free standing.The walls built to defend harsh weather conditions such as heavy winds.
The a building structures of stones span 1 800 acres (7KM²) and the radius of 100 to 200 miles (160 to 320 km)
In 1531 .Vente Pegado ,.Captain of the Portuguese Garrison of Sogala described the Great Zimbabwe , as among the gold mines of the inland plains between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers there is a fortess built of stones of marvelous size and appears to be no mortar joinig them.The chevron patterns using this stone found on the building.Since sculpting was popular with the shona people.Several birds were sculpted and displayed on the building.
The birds signifies the people's power while others was their totem "Hungwe." It could also have been a symbol of the relationship between the rulers and the religious figures.
One of these birds has become the symbol of the modern state of Zimbabwe.It is an important icon.It is the national emblem which is found on the national coat of arms,flag ,bank notes ,heroes acre ,museum and other important buildings .
The Great Zimbabwe has greatly influenced Zimbabwean art and is now on the world map in number of art activities such as pottery.weaving .sculpture ,drawing and painting.
The artefacts found at Great Zimbabwe which include clay pots, beads and the curved birds and animals.In today pottery making ,one finds that the pots are usually decorated with a vhevron pattern which is found at Great Zimbabwe.
Currently Zimbabwe is recognised to be one of the African 's best stone sculpture.Today sculptors are motivated with some pieces found at the Great Zimbabwe.which includes the birds curved using the soapstone which is now populary used these days.
This edifice is almost surrounded by hills upon which are others resembling it in the fashioning of stone and the absence of mortar and one of them is tower more than 12 fathoms(22m)high.
The natives of the country call these edifices symbaole ,which according to their language signifies court.The conical tower inside the great Enclosure .
The ruins can be grouped into three distinct archtectural groups. These are hill complex,the valley copmlex and the famous Great endo.
The hill complex:was used as a temple.
The valley complex:was for the citizens .
The great Endo:was used for the king
Over 300 structures have been found so far in the Great Endo.
The type of stone structure found on the site give an indication of the status of the citizenry.Structures that were more elaborate were populary built for the kings and situated further away from the centre of the city.It is believed that this was done inorder to escape sleeping sickness
The Great Zimbabwe was a market place with artifacts suggesting that the city formed part of a trade network extending as far as China,Chinese pottery shards, coins from Arabia ,glass beader and other non-local items have been excavated Great Zimbabwe.
Portuguese traders were the first European visitors at the ancient city in the early 16th century.
The ruins were rediscovered during a hunting trip by Adam Renders in 1867 who then showed the ruins to Karl Manch in1871.Bent whose archaelogical experience head all been traced in Greece and Asia Minor started in the ruined mashonaland in 1891.
The scientific archaeological excavations at the site were undertaken by David Randall Maclaver in 1905-1906.Exterior wall of the great Enclosure picture was taken by D.R.Maclaver in 1906.
Researchers agreed that the Great Zimbabwe could have been a product of internal processes ,,but rather had to be the result of outside stimulus.
In 1980 Great Zimbabwe has been employed to mirror and legitimise shifting policies of the ruling regime.
At first it was argued that it represented a form of pre-colonial African Socialism and later the focus shifted to stressing the natural evolution of an accumulation of wealth and power within a ruling alite .
The builders were exploited shona natives and were members of the Bantu family.Some postulate that Great Zimbabwe was the work of the Gokomere people.
Great Zimbabwe and various stone cities in east Africa are also clamed by the Lemba on ethnic group who claims to be ancient jewish descent. Anti-colonists movements ,symbolise Great Zimbabwe as an achievement by black Africans reclaiming its history was a major aim for those wanting independence.
After the majority rule government installed in 1980 the country renamed in honour of the site and its famous soap-stone bird carving become a national symbol depicted on the national flag.Great Zimbabwe has been a UNESCO World heritage site since 1986.It one of the seven wonders of the world together with victoria falls.
At its peak the estimated population of 10 000 people lived at the area.The people were involved in farming and rearing of animals.The women make pottery while men melted iron in furnaces.
The karanga people used granite stones to build the walls without mortar as stones were free standing.The walls built to defend harsh weather conditions such as heavy winds.
The a building structures of stones span 1 800 acres (7KM²) and the radius of 100 to 200 miles (160 to 320 km)
In 1531 .Vente Pegado ,.Captain of the Portuguese Garrison of Sogala described the Great Zimbabwe , as among the gold mines of the inland plains between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers there is a fortess built of stones of marvelous size and appears to be no mortar joinig them.The chevron patterns using this stone found on the building.Since sculpting was popular with the shona people.Several birds were sculpted and displayed on the building.
The birds signifies the people's power while others was their totem "Hungwe." It could also have been a symbol of the relationship between the rulers and the religious figures.
One of these birds has become the symbol of the modern state of Zimbabwe.It is an important icon.It is the national emblem which is found on the national coat of arms,flag ,bank notes ,heroes acre ,museum and other important buildings .
The Great Zimbabwe has greatly influenced Zimbabwean art and is now on the world map in number of art activities such as pottery.weaving .sculpture ,drawing and painting.
The artefacts found at Great Zimbabwe which include clay pots, beads and the curved birds and animals.In today pottery making ,one finds that the pots are usually decorated with a vhevron pattern which is found at Great Zimbabwe.
Currently Zimbabwe is recognised to be one of the African 's best stone sculpture.Today sculptors are motivated with some pieces found at the Great Zimbabwe.which includes the birds curved using the soapstone which is now populary used these days.
This edifice is almost surrounded by hills upon which are others resembling it in the fashioning of stone and the absence of mortar and one of them is tower more than 12 fathoms(22m)high.
The natives of the country call these edifices symbaole ,which according to their language signifies court.The conical tower inside the great Enclosure .
The ruins can be grouped into three distinct archtectural groups. These are hill complex,the valley copmlex and the famous Great endo.
The hill complex:was used as a temple.
The valley complex:was for the citizens .
The great Endo:was used for the king
Over 300 structures have been found so far in the Great Endo.
The type of stone structure found on the site give an indication of the status of the citizenry.Structures that were more elaborate were populary built for the kings and situated further away from the centre of the city.It is believed that this was done inorder to escape sleeping sickness
The Great Zimbabwe was a market place with artifacts suggesting that the city formed part of a trade network extending as far as China,Chinese pottery shards, coins from Arabia ,glass beader and other non-local items have been excavated Great Zimbabwe.
Portuguese traders were the first European visitors at the ancient city in the early 16th century.
The ruins were rediscovered during a hunting trip by Adam Renders in 1867 who then showed the ruins to Karl Manch in1871.Bent whose archaelogical experience head all been traced in Greece and Asia Minor started in the ruined mashonaland in 1891.
The scientific archaeological excavations at the site were undertaken by David Randall Maclaver in 1905-1906.Exterior wall of the great Enclosure picture was taken by D.R.Maclaver in 1906.
Researchers agreed that the Great Zimbabwe could have been a product of internal processes ,,but rather had to be the result of outside stimulus.
In 1980 Great Zimbabwe has been employed to mirror and legitimise shifting policies of the ruling regime.
At first it was argued that it represented a form of pre-colonial African Socialism and later the focus shifted to stressing the natural evolution of an accumulation of wealth and power within a ruling alite .
The builders were exploited shona natives and were members of the Bantu family.Some postulate that Great Zimbabwe was the work of the Gokomere people.
Great Zimbabwe and various stone cities in east Africa are also clamed by the Lemba on ethnic group who claims to be ancient jewish descent. Anti-colonists movements ,symbolise Great Zimbabwe as an achievement by black Africans reclaiming its history was a major aim for those wanting independence.
After the majority rule government installed in 1980 the country renamed in honour of the site and its famous soap-stone bird carving become a national symbol depicted on the national flag.Great Zimbabwe has been a UNESCO World heritage site since 1986.It one of the seven wonders of the world together with victoria falls.
ZIMBABWE IS NOW A LUCRATIVE TOURIST DESTINATION
Tourism sector is now one of the business sectors registering growth in Zimbabwe.
According to the June 2010 report by issued by Zimbabwe Tourism Authority the tourism sector recorded 3% growth against the backdrop of 4,8% fall in global tourism November 2009 report.
Zimbabwe is gaining most of tourists despite the global financial crisis robbed the world since 2008.
Attributes to tourism booming in Zimbabwe range from the formation of inclusive government in 2009,the hosting of 2010 soccer world cup in African soil ,introduction of multiple currency in Zimbabwe of which the USDollar is the most circulating currency and many more.
The major international powerhouses Japan and United States of America contribute much to the survival and magnificent growth of tourism sector as they lift travel warnings to this country which is located in the central Southern Africa.The travel ban issued by European ,Asians and American powerhouses paralised the tourism industry in Zimbabwe for over a decade and lead to the collapse of her economy until Zimbabwe currency fails far short of being recognised as a currency even by its own citizens.
The majority of tourists visited in Zimbabwe recently are middle and higher income earners . They main purpose is for sightseeing and seeking business opportunities.
Zimbabwe has top seven wonders of world ,game viewing and historical monuments which interest visitors for the best of their money. The major tourists destinations include the might victorial falls,Great Zimbabwe,serinity background of the little England in the Eastern Highlands and numerous game parks scattered right round the plateau of central southern jewel of Africa.
The wildlife viewing in Zimbabwe is one of the best which include seeing the big three, lions,elephants ,bufallows and other animals like hynas ,giraffes,zebras,hyppotumus and many more plain animals.
Zimbabweans are also recognised for their sculptures and other crafts which include basketry,textiles,paintings and drawings .
If you visited these sectors you will obviously part with your cash buying one of the best sculptures or crafts only found in this part of Africa.
The business seekers can make joint ventures in businesses with the local business people .The principals of inclusive government at world economic forum and other international foral acknowledged to the world investors to establish their businesses in Zimbabwe.
Mining sector is one of the open business opportunity where the investors can invest in chrome,copper,iron,platinum,diamond,methene gas,coal ,gold and many more.
The available accomodation range from five star hotels ,park lodges and scattered guest lodges which are suitable even to low income earners.
Do you wish to visit Zimbabwe as a tourist ,don't worry Zimbabwe is one of the peaceful loving culture so we welcome you in honest and hospitable way.
According to the June 2010 report by issued by Zimbabwe Tourism Authority the tourism sector recorded 3% growth against the backdrop of 4,8% fall in global tourism November 2009 report.
Zimbabwe is gaining most of tourists despite the global financial crisis robbed the world since 2008.
Attributes to tourism booming in Zimbabwe range from the formation of inclusive government in 2009,the hosting of 2010 soccer world cup in African soil ,introduction of multiple currency in Zimbabwe of which the USDollar is the most circulating currency and many more.
The major international powerhouses Japan and United States of America contribute much to the survival and magnificent growth of tourism sector as they lift travel warnings to this country which is located in the central Southern Africa.The travel ban issued by European ,Asians and American powerhouses paralised the tourism industry in Zimbabwe for over a decade and lead to the collapse of her economy until Zimbabwe currency fails far short of being recognised as a currency even by its own citizens.
The majority of tourists visited in Zimbabwe recently are middle and higher income earners . They main purpose is for sightseeing and seeking business opportunities.
Zimbabwe has top seven wonders of world ,game viewing and historical monuments which interest visitors for the best of their money. The major tourists destinations include the might victorial falls,Great Zimbabwe,serinity background of the little England in the Eastern Highlands and numerous game parks scattered right round the plateau of central southern jewel of Africa.
The wildlife viewing in Zimbabwe is one of the best which include seeing the big three, lions,elephants ,bufallows and other animals like hynas ,giraffes,zebras,hyppotumus and many more plain animals.
Zimbabweans are also recognised for their sculptures and other crafts which include basketry,textiles,paintings and drawings .
If you visited these sectors you will obviously part with your cash buying one of the best sculptures or crafts only found in this part of Africa.
The business seekers can make joint ventures in businesses with the local business people .The principals of inclusive government at world economic forum and other international foral acknowledged to the world investors to establish their businesses in Zimbabwe.
Mining sector is one of the open business opportunity where the investors can invest in chrome,copper,iron,platinum,diamond,methene gas,coal ,gold and many more.
The available accomodation range from five star hotels ,park lodges and scattered guest lodges which are suitable even to low income earners.
Do you wish to visit Zimbabwe as a tourist ,don't worry Zimbabwe is one of the peaceful loving culture so we welcome you in honest and hospitable way.
HARARE VIBRANT AND ENERGETIC:THE GIANT SUNSHINE CITY IN THE JEWEL OF AFRICA!
One of the best city in Southern Africa .Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe .This is after all, the cutural capital and despite constantly complains of some social problem some time ago.Harare is fastly gaining its sun shine status .Most Zimbabweans and other foreigners wouldn't dream of
living anywhere else.
Harare is the industrial and the business heart of Zimbabwe ,and over the years the city has gained a reputation worldwide for its sunshine status and wonderful parks.
H town ,as its popularly known by Zimbabweans ,is the only one of the largest and wealthiest cities in southern Africa but it is also home to over two million inhabitants and is the most modern and metropolitan city in Zimbabwe.
Things to see and do:
The museum:Has the best collection of African art and artifacts in Zimbabwe and Africa and is situated in the kopje area.
Snake world:Visitors can see almost all snake species found in Africa,which are kept at the park for research purposes.
Mukuvisi woodlands:Just 5 kms from the centre of Harare,visitors will find one of the best conservation park which is cushioned by msasa woodlands and become attractive of wildlife such as zebra,kudu, and other plain animals.The 270 ha ,mukuvisi woodlands carry conservation projects and help visitors who have keen interests to know about wildlife.
Lion and cheetah park:One of the popular park around Greater Harare.Animal species that can be viewed lion,leopard,and other plain game set amongst the spectacular balancing rocks.
Art galleries:In the city there are galleries such as National art gallery,Africa gallery and other centres where arts from africans worth you take home curios,wood and stone sculpture,skin belts and handbags.Semi-precious gems and jewellery.Stylish selection of safari fashions.
Sporting facilities:Tourists who want to enjoy sporting activities such as golf,tennis,soccer,cricket,basket ,swimming and many others the facilities are readily available to cater for your needs.
Musical and Dance intertainment:In Zimbabwe there are many musicians who perform various musical styles and traditional dancers.During the weekends there are many organised shows tourists can able to enjoy whilst in Harare.
Shopping:If you are in mood for shopping then Harare malls and weekend markets are where you should go.Shoppers can find an array of precious stones ,leather ,paintings,and other African crafts.
Nightlife:Visitors will not be disappointed with variety of nightlife options available in Harare.The music artists and dancers are ready to make live intertainment shows.
Safety Tip:Zimbabwe is one of the safest destination in the world.However foreigners should travel with a watchful eye as Zimbabwe is a developing nation with some social differences.There are few social elements who spot foreigners as they consider them to be wealthy compared to locals therafore one should be cautious while travelling there.Police officers manning the streets 24 hours.If you identify that there is a group of people seems to be threat notify the police as the call zero tolerance to those who can disturb visitors.
When To Go:There is never a bad time to visit .The city is an all-round destination.During september each year the biggest show held in the city.
living anywhere else.
Harare is the industrial and the business heart of Zimbabwe ,and over the years the city has gained a reputation worldwide for its sunshine status and wonderful parks.
H town ,as its popularly known by Zimbabweans ,is the only one of the largest and wealthiest cities in southern Africa but it is also home to over two million inhabitants and is the most modern and metropolitan city in Zimbabwe.
Things to see and do:
The museum:Has the best collection of African art and artifacts in Zimbabwe and Africa and is situated in the kopje area.
Snake world:Visitors can see almost all snake species found in Africa,which are kept at the park for research purposes.
Mukuvisi woodlands:Just 5 kms from the centre of Harare,visitors will find one of the best conservation park which is cushioned by msasa woodlands and become attractive of wildlife such as zebra,kudu, and other plain animals.The 270 ha ,mukuvisi woodlands carry conservation projects and help visitors who have keen interests to know about wildlife.
Lion and cheetah park:One of the popular park around Greater Harare.Animal species that can be viewed lion,leopard,and other plain game set amongst the spectacular balancing rocks.
Art galleries:In the city there are galleries such as National art gallery,Africa gallery and other centres where arts from africans worth you take home curios,wood and stone sculpture,skin belts and handbags.Semi-precious gems and jewellery.Stylish selection of safari fashions.
Sporting facilities:Tourists who want to enjoy sporting activities such as golf,tennis,soccer,cricket,basket ,swimming and many others the facilities are readily available to cater for your needs.
Musical and Dance intertainment:In Zimbabwe there are many musicians who perform various musical styles and traditional dancers.During the weekends there are many organised shows tourists can able to enjoy whilst in Harare.
Shopping:If you are in mood for shopping then Harare malls and weekend markets are where you should go.Shoppers can find an array of precious stones ,leather ,paintings,and other African crafts.
Nightlife:Visitors will not be disappointed with variety of nightlife options available in Harare.The music artists and dancers are ready to make live intertainment shows.
Safety Tip:Zimbabwe is one of the safest destination in the world.However foreigners should travel with a watchful eye as Zimbabwe is a developing nation with some social differences.There are few social elements who spot foreigners as they consider them to be wealthy compared to locals therafore one should be cautious while travelling there.Police officers manning the streets 24 hours.If you identify that there is a group of people seems to be threat notify the police as the call zero tolerance to those who can disturb visitors.
When To Go:There is never a bad time to visit .The city is an all-round destination.During september each year the biggest show held in the city.
ZIMBABWE'S CULTURE AND EDUCATION ON LANGUAGE ISSUE!
Zimbabwe's culture as a national culture is trick , since it has a lot of external influence by virtue of its history pre-colonial ,colonial and post colonial era.
Culture is basically the thinking and doing of people. It comparises the dressing styles, art ,history ,craft ,philosophy ,architecture ,customs ,music ,drama ,codes of behaviour eating habits ,transport and language.
Culture is influenced by external and internal factors.It appears to be static ,but because of influenced by environment it is dynamic.
Zimbabwe 's National Cultural Policy objective 14:Promote the African language inorder to make them effective tools in the country's socio-economic development." The African languages found in Zimbabwe are Chishona and its six dialects, Ndebele ,Venda, Tonga and Shangaan. Although there are great strides in promoting African languages in Education system.
English is the still the national language as shown by communication in the press media, electronic media,courts and law,schools and most official functions in government circles.
The fact is that Zimbabwean leaders that are political ,religious and educational are without option because the language gain it memondum since the colonial era and covers the whole nation despite different ethnic groups.
The idea of promoting vernacular language in Zimbabwe can only be done at a ethic community not as national since it can frustrated by modern African elite.
The actual facts to note is that numerous letters used to communicate are from English. To reach a wider audience one has to use English which is by far used to write education books ,stationery ,notices ,road signs into Chishona or Ndebele would be too expensive though nationalistic or patriotic a gesture! The use of any African vernacular is actually unnecessary and wasteful , since English is now not just a language of colonizers ,but also for Zimbabweans.
It is fully part of Zimbabwean culture which the Zimbabweans are actually cherish.
I also noted that the NGOs promoted our ethnic languages as they donate lot of money to print books in local language . SIDA, DFID,USAID ,IRISH AID the list is endless who contributed to promotion of African languages in formal education system.The English language is effectively used to disseminate information and there may have translations if the goal is to succeed.
When it comes to language I want to argue that we should not be over zealous or disproportionately proud of vernacular languages. But we should observe how influencing is our language in communication with others. Today there are so many people who are promoting their language on the internet. They are so many Zimbabweans in diaspora who want to communicate their languages everyday. And they are so many people who may also emulate Zimbabwean culture and want to learn to speak one of the local languages.
Let also learn from those countries colonised by Portugal. These are Mozambique and Angola their experiences where Portuguese has been used to unify the numerous ethnic groups. The Portuguese in these countries is spoken even by those people who never go to school and young children ,unlike in Zimbabwe where you have to go to school to speak and write in English. In Zimbabwean schools pupils are encouraged to communicate in English for better performance in external examinations. Zimbabweans are proud of English as it enhances learning in science and technology which are the hope of mankind to provide solutions in the social challenges and where computer and information technology is dominating.
On the national dress Zimbabwe culture is gradually formulating her own dress code .
Inconclusion I believe that external influences do not destroy a culture .Remember any social civilization develop rapidly through contact with other cultures and select the best in education system.By so doing we will even become more patriotic and honourable in promoting our country's culture and its education.
Culture is basically the thinking and doing of people. It comparises the dressing styles, art ,history ,craft ,philosophy ,architecture ,customs ,music ,drama ,codes of behaviour eating habits ,transport and language.
Culture is influenced by external and internal factors.It appears to be static ,but because of influenced by environment it is dynamic.
Zimbabwe 's National Cultural Policy objective 14:Promote the African language inorder to make them effective tools in the country's socio-economic development." The African languages found in Zimbabwe are Chishona and its six dialects, Ndebele ,Venda, Tonga and Shangaan. Although there are great strides in promoting African languages in Education system.
English is the still the national language as shown by communication in the press media, electronic media,courts and law,schools and most official functions in government circles.
The fact is that Zimbabwean leaders that are political ,religious and educational are without option because the language gain it memondum since the colonial era and covers the whole nation despite different ethnic groups.
The idea of promoting vernacular language in Zimbabwe can only be done at a ethic community not as national since it can frustrated by modern African elite.
The actual facts to note is that numerous letters used to communicate are from English. To reach a wider audience one has to use English which is by far used to write education books ,stationery ,notices ,road signs into Chishona or Ndebele would be too expensive though nationalistic or patriotic a gesture! The use of any African vernacular is actually unnecessary and wasteful , since English is now not just a language of colonizers ,but also for Zimbabweans.
It is fully part of Zimbabwean culture which the Zimbabweans are actually cherish.
I also noted that the NGOs promoted our ethnic languages as they donate lot of money to print books in local language . SIDA, DFID,USAID ,IRISH AID the list is endless who contributed to promotion of African languages in formal education system.The English language is effectively used to disseminate information and there may have translations if the goal is to succeed.
When it comes to language I want to argue that we should not be over zealous or disproportionately proud of vernacular languages. But we should observe how influencing is our language in communication with others. Today there are so many people who are promoting their language on the internet. They are so many Zimbabweans in diaspora who want to communicate their languages everyday. And they are so many people who may also emulate Zimbabwean culture and want to learn to speak one of the local languages.
Let also learn from those countries colonised by Portugal. These are Mozambique and Angola their experiences where Portuguese has been used to unify the numerous ethnic groups. The Portuguese in these countries is spoken even by those people who never go to school and young children ,unlike in Zimbabwe where you have to go to school to speak and write in English. In Zimbabwean schools pupils are encouraged to communicate in English for better performance in external examinations. Zimbabweans are proud of English as it enhances learning in science and technology which are the hope of mankind to provide solutions in the social challenges and where computer and information technology is dominating.
On the national dress Zimbabwe culture is gradually formulating her own dress code .
Inconclusion I believe that external influences do not destroy a culture .Remember any social civilization develop rapidly through contact with other cultures and select the best in education system.By so doing we will even become more patriotic and honourable in promoting our country's culture and its education.
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